Malingering Psychiatric Disorders and Cognitive Impairment in Personal Injury Settings

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¹ J. Guriel & W. Fremouw, Assessing Malingered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Review, 23 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW, 881 (2003).

² H. A. Miller, The Miller-Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST): Test Generalizability and Utility Across Race, Literacy, and Clinical Opinion, JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR (in press).

³ E. J. Hickling, E. B. Blanchard, E. Mundy, & T. E. Galovski, Detection of Malingered MVA Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Investigation of the Ability to Detect Professional Actors by Experienced Clinicians, Psychological Tests, and Psychophyiological Assessment, 2 JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE, 33 (2002).

⁴ J. Briere, PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ADULT POSTTRAUMATIC STATES, American Psychological Association, 59 (2002).

⁵ American Psychiatric Association, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 467 (1994).

⁶ S. A. Greenberg & D. W. Shuman, Irreconcilable Conflict Between Therapeutic and Forensic Roles, 28 PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE, 50 (1997).

⁷ Adapted from S.A. Greenberg & D. W. Shuman (1997).

⁸ S. Porter, M. Woodworth, & A. R. Birt, Truth, Lies, and Videotape: An Investigation of the Ability of Federal Parole Officers to Detect Deception, 24 LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 643 (2000).

⁹ D. J. Shretlen, Dissimulation on the Rorschach and Other Projective Measures, In R. Rogers (Ed.), CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF MALINGERING AND DECEPTION (2nd Ed.) 208 (1997).

¹⁰ B. C. Frueh, and B. N. Kinder, The Susceptibility of the Rorschach Inkblot Test to Malingering of Combat-Related PTSD, 62 JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT, 280 (1994).

¹¹ R. Rogers, K.W. Sewell, & R. Salekin, A Meta-Analysis of Malingering on the MMPI-2, 1 ASSESSMENT, 227, 234 (1994).

¹² R. Rogers, K. W. Sewell, M. A. Martin, & M. J. Vitacco, Detection of Feigned Mental Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of the MMPI-2 and Malingering, 10 ASSESSMENT, 160 (2003).

¹³ R. Rogers & S. D. Bender, Evaluation of Malingering and Deception. In A. M. Goldstein and I. B. Weiner (Eds.), HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOLOGY, VOL. 11, FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY, 109 (2003).

¹⁴ R. K. Heaton, H. H. Smith, R. A. Lehman, & A. T. Vogt, Prospects for Faking Believable Deficits on Neuropsychological Testing, 46 JOURNAL OF CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 892 (1978).

¹⁵ D. Faust, K. Hart, T. J. Guilmette, & H. R. Arkes, Neuropsychologists' Capacity to Detect Adolescent Malingerers, 19 PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE, 508 (1988).

¹⁶ P. Green, P. R. Lees-Haley, L. M. Allen, III, The Word Memory Test and the Validity of Neuropsychological Test Scores, 18 ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 1 (2003).

¹⁷ P. Green, M. L. Rohling, P.R. Lees-Haley, & L. M. Allen, III, Effort Has a Greater Effect on Test Scores than Severe Brain Injury in Compensation Claimants, 15 BRAIN INJURY 1045 (2001).

¹⁸ S. J. Lally, What Tests are Acceptable for Use in Forensic Evaluations? A Survey of Experts, 34 PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: RESEARCH & PRACTICE, 491 (2003).

¹⁹ S. J. Lally, Ibid.

²⁰ R., Gervais, M. Rohling, P. Green, & W. Ford, A Comparison of WMT, CARB, and TOMM Failure Rates, 19 ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 475 (2004).

²¹ P. Green, G. L. Iverson, L. Grant & L. Allen, Detecting Malingering in Head Injury Litigation with the Word Memory Test, 13 BRAIN INJURY 813 (1999). P. Green, & L. Flaro, Word Memory Test Performance in Children, 9 CHILD NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 189 (2003).

²² T. M. Dunn, P. K, Shear, S. Howe, & M. D. Ris, Detecting Neuropsychological Malingering: Effects of Coaching and Information, 18 ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 121 (2003).

²³ G. B. Melton, J. Petrilla, N.G. Poythress, & L. A. Slobogin, PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS FOR THE COURTS: A HANDBOOK FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AND LAWYERS (2nd Ed.) 43 (1997).

²⁴ Anecdote reported by Kenneth Morel, Summer 2004

²⁵ R. J McNally, Progress and Controversy in the Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 54 ANNUAL REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY, 229 (2003). B. C. Freuh, M. B. Hammer, S. P. Cahill, P. Gold, & K. L. Hamlin, Apparent Symptoms Overreporting in Combat Veterans Evaluated for PTSD, 20 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW, 853 (2000).

²⁶ E. B. Blanchard & E. J. Hickling, AFTER THE CRASH: PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF SURVIVORS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS (2nd Ed.), American Psychological Association (2004).

²⁷ Ibid., 246.

²⁸ R. J McNally, Ibid., G. M. Rosen, The Aleutian Enterprise Sinking and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Misdiagnosis in Clinical and Forensic Settings, 26 PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE, 82 (1995).

²⁹ G. M. Rosen, Ibid.

³⁰ G. Rosen, Litigation and Reported Rates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 36 PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, 1291 (2004).

³¹ P. Resnick, Guidelines for Evaluation of Malingering in PTSD, In R. I Simon (Ed.), POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN LITIGATION, 194,American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC (2003).

³² Ken Morel, personal communication, July 2004

³³ C. Burgess & R. M. McMillan, The Ability of Naïve Participants to Report Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 209 (2001). E. J. Hickling, E. B. Blanchard, E. Mundy, & T. E. Galovski, Ibid.

³⁴ E. J. Hickling, E. B. Blanchard, E. Mundy, & T. E. Galovski, Ibid. 42.

³⁵ J. F. Edens, R. K. Otto, & T. J. Dwyer, Susceptibility of the Trauma Symptom Inventory to Malingering, JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT, 379 (1998).

³⁶ S. Scheibe, R. Bagby, M. Michael; L. S. Miller, & B. J. Dorian, Assessing Posttraumatic Disorder with the MMPI-2 in a Sample of Workplace Accident Victims, 13 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT, 369 (2001).

³⁷ Rogers, et al (2003) Ibid.

³⁸ Ibid.

³⁹ Ibid.

⁴⁰ M. W. Wetter, R. A. Baer, D. T. R. Berry, L. H. Robison, & J. Sumpter, MMPI-2 Profiles of Motivated Fakers Given Specific Symptom Information: A Comparison of Matched Patients, 5 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT, 317 (1993). G. L. Walters & J. R. Clopton, Effect of Symptom Information and Validity Scale Information on the Malingering of Depression on the MMPI-2, JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT, 183 (2000).

⁴¹ K. R. Morel, Development and Preliminary Validation of a Forced-Choice Test of Response Bias for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 70 JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT, 299 (1998).

⁴² E. W. Twamley, S. Hami, M. B. Stein, & B. Murray, Neuropsychological Function in College Students With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 126 PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH, 265 (2004).

⁴³ E. B. Blanchard, L. C., Kolb, T. P. Pallmeyer, & R. J. Gerardi, A Psychophysiological Study of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam Veterans. PSYCHIATRIC QUARTERLY, 220 (1982).

⁴⁴ R. J. Gerardi, E. B. Blanchard, & L. C. Kolb, Ability of Vietnam Veterans to Dissimulate a Psychophysiological Assessment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 20 BEHAVIOR THERAPY, 229 (1989).

⁴⁵ E. B. Blanchard & E. J. Hickling, Ibid. (2004). T. M. Keane, L. C. Kolb, D. G. Kaloupek, S. P. Orr, E. B. Blanchard, et al., Utility of Psychophysical Measurement in the Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results From a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study, JOURNAL OF CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 914 (1998).

⁴⁶ R. Pittman and S. Orr, Forensic Laboratory Testing for PTSD, In R. Simon,(Ed.) POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN LITIGATION, 221, American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC (2003).

⁴⁷ C. R. Brewin, B. Andrews, & J. D. Valentine, Meta-analysis of Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Trauma-Exposed Adults, 68 JOURNAL OF CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 748 (2000).

⁴⁸ R. J McNally, Ibid, 238, 239.

⁴⁹ E. B Blanchard & E. J. Hickling, (2004) Ibid. 132, 133.

⁵⁰ Rogers, et al., Ibid.; J. Steffan, J. R. Clopton, & R. D. Morgan, An MMPI-2 Scale to Detect Malingered Depression (Md Scale), 10 ASSESSMENT, 382 (2003).

⁵¹ J. Steffan, J. R. Clopton, & R. D. Morgan, Ibid.

⁵² A. H. Kizilbash, R. D. Vanderploeg, G. Curtiss, The Effects of Depression and Anxiety on Memory Performance, ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 57 (2002).

⁵³ P. Green, & L. M. Allen, The Differential Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Self-Report and Performance Based Neurocognitive Measures in Patients Demonstrating Good Effort During Assessment, 14 ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 741 (1999).

⁵⁴ S. R. Ross, S. R. Millis, R.A. Krukowski, S. H. Putnam, & K. M. Adams, Detecting Incomplete Effort on the MMPI-2: An Examination of the Fake-Bad Scale in Mild Head Injury, 26 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 115 (2004).

⁵⁵ P. R. Lees-Haley, MMPI-2 Base Rates for 492 Personal Injury Plaintiff: Implications and Challenges for Forensic Assessment, 53 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 745 (1997).

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